XML XML eXtensible Markup Language Extensible Markup Language markup data validation information exchange Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a simple, very flexible text format derived from SGML (ISO 8879). Originally designed to meet the challenges of large-scale electronic publishing, XML is also playing an increasingly important role in the exchange of a wide variety of data on the Web and elsewhere. http://w3.org/XML/ Development of XML specifications has been a primary focus of the W3C since 1998. SGML XHTML XML Schema markup data validation information exchange Special markup for defining the structure, content and semantics of XML documents; used to express syntactic, structural and value constraints applicable to its document instances. XML Schema is more powerful than document type definition (DTD) because it includes facilities to specify the data type of elements and it is based on XML. http://w3.org/XML/Schema and http://developer.apple.com/techpubs/webobjects/XML_Serialization/Glossary/chapter_10_section_1.html An XML Schema can be viewed as an agreement between businesses on how data should be expressed and exchanged in XML. XML data model thesaurus semantic web knowledge management A controlled vocabulary within a circumscribed subject field used to organize material or information. Consists of a syndetic structure that attempts to perform for the field in question the same function that conventional subject heading lists serve for the whole body of recorded knowledge. http://www.si.umich.edu/UMDL/glossary.html A thesaurus is semantically stronger than a taxonomy, but weaker than a conceptual model. It is used to associate rough meaning of one term to another. Thesauri may include spelling variations, semantic synonyms, broader terms, narrower terms, and related terms taxonomy language A book containing a classified list of synonyms. WordNet dictionary taxonomy semantic web knowledge management A structured list of terms grouped in logical categories and subcategories according to a classification scheme; a series of ordered groupings of people or things within a system. Knowledge with minimal hierarchic or parent/child structure. A hierarchic classification of real-world objects, often in a tree structure. various Taxonomies are characterized by weak semantics. Relationships are relatively unspecified. A taxonomy may include categories, facets, and/or keywords. ontology biology The practice of classifying plants and animals according to their presumed natural relationships. WordNet Taxonomy is the biological discipline that is concerned with the classification of living organisms (e.g., plants and animals) into groups based on the shared possession of characteristics. hierarchy Topic Map semantic web knowledge management Provide a content-oriented index into a set of documents or Web pages by semantically characterizing and categorizing them by their actual subject areas. Daconta, Obrst, Smith and http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/index.html#def-topic-map There is no official meta model for Topic Maps. ontology ontology semantic web knowledge management Defines the common words and concepts used to describe and represent an area of knowledge, and so standardizes the meanings. An ontology includes classes in the domains of interest, instances, relationships, properties and their values, functions of and processes involving the objects, and relevant constraints and rules. Daconta, Obrst, Smith An onotology can range from the simple notion of a taxonomy to a thesaurus, to a conceptual model, to a logical theory. [Daconta, Obrst, Smith] classification system taxonomy OWL philosophy [sometimes "Ontology"] the metaphysical study of the nature of being and existence WordNet Both the ontology and manner of human existence are of concern to Existentialism. metaphysics OWL OWL Web Ontology Language semantic web knowledge management OWL is intended to provide a language that can be used to describe the classes and relations between them that are inherent in Web documents and applications. The Web Ontology Language is designed for use by applications that need to process the content of information instead of just presenting information to humans. OWL facilitates greater machine interpretability of Web content than that supported by XML, RDF, and RDF Schema (RDF-S) by providing additional vocabulary along with a formal semantics. OWL has three increasingly-expressive sublanguages: OWL Lite, OWL DL, and OWL Full. W3C OWL Overview, http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-features/ OWL is part of the growing stack of W3C recommendations related to the Semantic Web. ontology RDF RDF Schema RDFS Resource Description Framework Schema semantic web knowledge management RDF Schema is a vocabulary for describing properties and classes of RDF resources, with a semantics for generalization-hierarchies of such properties and classes. http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/ RDF Schema is a meta model to the RDF object model. OWL RDF XML Schema RDF Vocabulary Description Language 1.0 RDF RDF Resource Description Framework semantic web knowledge management RDF is a datamodel for objects ("resources") and relations between them, provides a simple semantics for this datamodel, and these datamodels can be represented in an XML syntax. RDF Schema is a vocabulary for describing properties and classes of RDF resources, with a semantics for generalization-hierarchies of such properties and classes. http://w3.org/RDF/ The set of RDF specifications provide a lightweight ontology system to support the exchange of knowledge on the Web. OWL RDF Schema RDF/S semantic web knowledge management Combination of RDF and RDF Schema. Daconta, Obrst, Smith RDF RDF Schema XSLT XSLT Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations DTD SGML SGML Standard Generalized Markup Language markup document validation An international standard [ISO 8879:1986, Information Processing Text and Office Systems] for the definition of device-independent, system-independent methods of representing texts in electronic form. SGML emphasizes descriptive rather than procedural markup. While HTML is a markup language which deals primarily with the appearance of a document, SGML is a more complex system for describing structural divisions in a text (title page, chapter, scene, stanza), typographical elements (changing typefaces), and other textual features (grammatical structure, etc.). The "tags" in SGML preserve the structure of a text, enable the user to constrain searches to particular structural features of the text and aid in the navigation and use of the text. More information on SGML is available at http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/SGML/. A language for marking up documents so that they could be parsed by computer programs. Each community of people that wishes to author and parse documents must agree on a Document Type Definition (DTD), which it itself a machine-parsable description of what tags a marked-up document must or may have. http://philip.greenspun.com/seia/glossary SGML is the forerunner of both HTML and XML. XML HTML XPath XLink XHTML DOM SAX SVG XPointer Web Services WSDL